Modern Communication and Transportation Essay Example

Present day Communication and Transportation Essay Innovations and enhancements of existing vehicle and correspondence frameworks have come about to different changes. The social and social structures of different networks have incredibly been impacted by current correspondence and transport advances. Moreover, the social reconciliation and social ways of life of individuals will be modified. For example, if individuals traverse the world for business and other monetary purposes, there will be a social cooperation among a few people with various culture which results to intermarriages. This causes variety in both culture and way of life as a result of hereditary contrasts between the individuals in the marriage. Furthermore, when individuals traverse the world, they will duplicate the way of life and way of life of others, for example, language, religion and custom and attempt to consolidate it in their convention and this will result to human variety (Rodrigue, 2010). Current correspondence and transportation will result to contrasts in atmosphere and condition. There is probability that the advancement of framework over the world will result to ship related air-contamination. The individuals will be presented to specific poisons and this will call for both smart and versatile conduct of people. The adjustments in the human conduct will result to human varieties. Current transportation and correspondence can persistently affect worldwide environmental change. In spite of the way that transportation and correspondence unites individuals and products prompting monetary advantages, it has long haul and unfortunate reactions. This is especially as far as air contamination in urban territory and outflows of ozone depleting substances. We will compose a custom article test on Modern Communication and Transportation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Modern Communication and Transportation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Modern Communication and Transportation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Every year, the wellbeing outcomes of urban air and sound contamination are high and this outcomes to unexpected losses. Furthermore, the negative impact of present day correspondence and transport is high on nearby populaces particularly the poor in creating world urban areas. The contamination and blockage in the urban zones ruins neighborhood, national and provincial monetary development. Reference Rodrigue, P. (2010). Transportation and Economic Development. Recovered August 12, 2010 from http://individuals. hofstra. edu/geotrans/eng/ch7en/conc7en/ch7c1en. html

Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples Options

Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples Options The Ugly Side of Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples If you're asking for a scholarship, odds are you're likely to should compose an essay. So, needless to say, you are going to wish to know the principles of writing a winning essay. There are various ways to begin an essay and all you have to do is to use one that can supply the most positive impact to the men and women who will review your scholarship essay. With the expert writers of our team, you do not need to fear about anything once it comes to nursing essay writing help. Now you can purchase genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. Becoming mindful of common essay mistakes and the way to repair them can help you make an impressive scholarship essay. When you're tackling your scholarship application essay try to keep in mind that it's an important bit of writing that is worth more then merely a grade evaluation. Some scholarship programs will supply you with a list of questions to answer in your essay. If you're presently a student working on writing essays for your scholarship applications for post secondary funding it could be of help to know that their are a lot of scholarship essay samples readily available online which you might discover useful. That means you can order for our high school scholarship essay examples without needing to be concerned about your private info. Thus, you've decided you need to visit nursing school, but realize you might require some financial guidance. Scholarships are provided by various government and non-government agencies. Prospective students considering the discipline of nursing will locate the career rewarding. Therefore do not lose out on this amazing opportunity. Where to Find P ostgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples In the event the initial awardee isn't admitted to a proper graduate program, the award is going to be withdrawn and an alternate will get the award. Being invited for a scholarship application is an awesome experience that's why you have to make the absolute most out of it. Thus, the student should produce the argument compelling. The main reason why some scholarships need an essay component is because the sponsors desire to provide money to students that are serious about there academic career. You can also locate recommendations about what sorts of scholarships you should apply for. Some scholarship websites may not only hook you up with thousands of potential grant opportunities, but give you advice on the best way to snag them. Many scholarships are provided to very specific groups or kinds of students, so be sure you fit inside that group. Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? Before starting writing, make sure that you satisfy the requirements and criteria for application. The outstanding part about it's that you're not required to sign in for your purchase. In addition, the writing norms and specified format is going to be taken into consideration whilst performing the job. The general format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely rely on the instruction s offered to you. The very first step to any essay writing is to choose a subject of interest. The reader will be more inclined to pick the applicant for a finalist in the essay review approach. The introduction must offer a complete comprehension of what the audience is all about to search. In addition, the work change from topic to topic since there are essays that make it possible for you to dig deeper into your creative minds. Study several questions which you may reply. Regardless of what genre you would like Business Studies, Microeconomics, Business Management and Financial Accounting, we're here to serve your needs. Nursing essay examples will be able to help you to understand how to compose a great thesis statement. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Postgraduate Scholarship Essay Samples There are a number of ways to conclude your essay in a highly effective way. Then, you've got to choose the person who is best suited for your task. Even if you're only a couple of minutes late for work, an important task might not be completed punctually. In case you have, you've made a smart decision.

Chain Of Custody And Criminal Investigations And Judicial...

The importance and relevance of chain of custody to criminal investigations and judicial outcomes Chain of custody is defined by Saferstein (2015), as a sequential documentation, that shows custody, control, analysis, handling and nature of physical or electrical evidence. Chain of custody is a model that is utilised by the police during criminal investigations to demonstrate that the evidence has been handled in a manner that does not destroy the integrity of the evidence (Houck Siegel, 2015). According to Spikmans (2015), obeying the standard procedures of the chain of custody model can make sure that the evidence can endure any questioning of authenticity and integrity in court. Houck Siegel (2015) stated that the chain of custody is without a doubt, the most important piece of paper generated at a crime scene; they postulated, that without it, the most convincing piece of forensic evidence can be rendered useless in the judicial system. According to Saferstein (2015), every monstrous failure during criminal cases is largely the result of incorrect usage of the chain of cust ody model, the most noteworthy which is the OJ Simpson case. This essay shows, the chain of custody model is crucial for demonstrating integrity and preserving the evidence, and by extension, justice. This essay contains two case studies that illustrate how the chain of custody model preserves evidence and displays the integrity of the evidence. The chain of custody model prevents evidence fromShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Violation of Human Rights in Police Custody with Reference to Evidence Act†8119 Words   |  33 Pagespolice. In India, the history of human rights violations in police custody can be traced to British period. Even after 57 years of independence, in a democratic country like India, the police remains virtually a terror to the people and almost absolutely unaccountable for the violations of human rights of people in their custody. Through custodial torture, custodial deaths and other forms of human rights violation in police custody abuses, no static steps have been have been taken so far for a pennanentRead MoreTorture and Custodial Violence in Prisons12554 Words   |  51 Pagesdeprived of his life. It is one of the non-derogable rights. Human Rights Committee’s Jurisprudence on ‘Right to Life’ There are obligations to account for and to make ‘adequate’ or ‘appropriate’ measures to ‘protect’ the life of persons held in custody. There are obligations on the part of state parties to prevent the disappearance and killing of potential victims. The Human Rights Committee has confirmed that states are under a strict duty not to kill people arbitrarily. This duty incorporatesRead MoreMiranda V. Arizona Case Law2396 Words   |  10 Pagesanyone is being the center of a criminal investigation. Many emotions can fuel statements that may not be in the best interest of the suspect. These statements can turn a suspect into a defendant relatively easy. Without proper, sufficient legal council, a defendant can be a convicted criminal. If the defendant was aware of his rights, the outcome could be inherently different. The United States is one of very few nations that will provide legal counsel for criminal matters. Every so often a personRead More Crimes Based On A Vendetta2118 Words   |  9 Pagesand resolving contradictions between the objective reality of this type of criminal activity and the existing system of legal and regulatory framework, as well as the development of measures to counteract this kind of crimes with taking into account the peculiarities of the development of modern social relations. The main shortcoming of the researches made the well-known authors is the â€Å"outsider† view. Moreover, in the judicial and investigative practice and in the legal literature, there are stillRead MoreLegal Studies8128 Words   |  33 Pagescontemporary examples, students investigate criminal law, processes and institutions and the tension between community interests and individual rights and freedoms. Themes and challenges to be incorporated throughout this topic: †¢ the role of discretion in the criminal justice system †¢ issues of compliance and non-compliance in regard to criminal law †¢ the extent to which law reflects moral and ethical standards †¢ the role of law reform in the criminal justice system †¢ the extent to which theRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesin all other cases, Army National Guard Soldiers are governed by NGR 600–21 and NGR 600–22. Portions of this regulation that prescribe specific conduct are punitive, and violations of these provisions may subject offenders to nonjudicial or judicial action under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. The equal opportunity terms found in the glossary are applicable only to uniformed personnel. AR 690–600 contains similar terms that are applicable to Department of Defense civilians. ProponentRead MoreHate Crime And Mass Shootings Essay4636 Words   |  19 Pagestraumatic effects as the survivors and the nation experienced from the terror attacks on 9/11. After the occurrence of a massive shooting or hate crime, social activists will almost immediately initiate petitions to the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government for stricter gun laws; consequently, the National Rifle Association (NRA) will counteract any measures by reminding Americans of their constitutional right to bear arms; (U. S. Const. amend. II). Politicians who rely on theRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 PagesCORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION CHIVAS GOCELA DULGUIME, R.C I. INTRODUCTION PENOLOGY - the study of punishment of crime. - a branch of Criminology dealing with prison management, and the deterrence and reformatory treatment of criminals. SOURCES OF THE TERM PENOLOGY: a. Peno was derived from Greek word â€Å"piono† and from the Latin word â€Å"poena†, both terms mean punishment. b. Logy was from the Latin word â€Å"logos†, meaning science. c. Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology dealsRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesquickly in time of crisis -World Order -Some argue that balance of power is best way to achieve world order -Others argue that we need to organize and civilize international politics to achieve world order - 4 variations on how to do this: -1-Judicial approach - resolve differences between countries through third-party judges and arbitrators -2-Contractual approach -use collective agreements to limit use of force (consider Kellogg-Briand Pact) -3-Legislative approach - League of Nations,Read MoreAuditing Cases22626 Words   |  91 Pagesmajor stages of the supply chain of nat ural gas: production, transmission, and distribution. Natural gas was produced from deposits found underground. The natural gas was transmitted via pipe lines, or networks, of underground pipes, and sold directly either to industrial customers or to regional gas utilities, which then distributed the gas to smaller businesses and customers. Some companies in the industry had assets related to specific activities within the supply chain. For example, some companies

Accounting Principles And Financial Statements - 1682 Words

Statements are prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which refers to a set of rules, standards, and practices. They are used throughout the accounting industry to prepare and standardize financial statements that are issued and help investors and creditors compare companies within the same industry. Companies are expected to follow generally accepted accounting principles when they report their financial information. GAAP affects the measurement of economic activities and the disclosure of information about activities. It also affects the preparation and summarization of economic information, and the record keeping of measurements at average intervals. Other than the numbers on the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows, a great deal of information is provided in the notes to the financial statements. They contain information that may be significant and include tables which are included as a footnote. The notes will contain information about the company accounting policies, including information on securities held, inventories, debt, and other elements which can determine a company s financial position. Under GAAP, companies often have discretion to use varying methods for valuing assets, and recognizing costs and revenue. The Summary of Significant Accounting Policies appears as the first note to the statement or in a separate section. Accounting control procedures are systems designed to ensure all employeesShow MoreRelatedWorking With Financial Statements : Accounting Principles1415 Words   |  6 Pages Working with Financial Statements Accounting principles are like the Ten Commandments to a CPA. The principles are recommendation or instructions on what an account should follow when logging and informing on all accounting transactions. Businesses rely on their account every month to maintain the financials records of the company. At the end of each month, it is important for every transaction to be documented and posted as a financial entry in the monthly trail balance. An account needs to ensureRead MoreBasic Financial Statements Under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles1820 Words   |  8 PagesUnderstanding Basic Financial Statements Companies report their financial activities in four basic financial statements under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The four basic financial statements are as listed below: 1. The balance sheet shows in a tabular form, the asset, liability and owners’ equity of a company, at a particular time. The assets of a company will always equal to the sum of liabilities and owners’ equity, this is called the accounting equation. i.e Asset = liabilityRead MoreThe Accounting Principles Of Financial Statements And Balance Sheet And Valuations For The Health Care Organization976 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting in health care has profound effects on financial statements, and knowing the necessary components to conducting financial reports and balancing the assets is vital. Many things contribute to the overall foundation of the balance sheet and valuations for the health care organization. A lot of moving parts are required to keep health care organizations running and afloat for the long-term. One must understand the accounting concepts, and methods, terminology, in order to explain the variousRead MoreSummary of Research for Accounting Changes and Error Analysis1143 Words   |  5 PagesResearch for Accounting Changes and Error Analysis Companies have always faced issues of how to reflect changes in accounting methods and error corrections in financial statements. A change in accounting principle results when an entity adopts a generally accepted accounting principle different from the one it used previously (Hall 2007). A presumption exists that an accounting principle once adopted shall not be changed in accounting for events and transactions of a similar type (Financial AccountingRead MorePrinciples and Assumptions Used in Preparing Accounting Statements1605 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1. definition of accounting: [2] *Accounting is a set of principles and procedures relating to the registration and compilation, analysis and interpretation of financial data for the purpose of determining the outcome of business and its financial position. * A method of recording and tabulating and summarizing operations and financial events and then interpret the results. *Body: 2.Assumptions used in accounting: [1] What assumptions used in accounting is generally predict solutionsRead MoreBAF 301 Accounting and financial management Assignment 1 Mohammad Gholamali 20101147 Dr. Suja900 Words   |  4 PagesBAF 301 Accounting and financial management Assignment 1 Mohammad Gholamali 20101147 Dr. Suja Sarah Thomas Colleague of Electrical Electronics Engineering Introduction In this report I am going to write some of the important principle and assumption and guidance used to prepare accounting statements. In the world of business there are some general rules and principles which the universe of accounting uses them as a general guidance. There are some international framework like Financial accountingRead MoreAccounting Principles And Its Impact On Accounting1210 Words   |  5 Pages revised accounting standards require companies to change accounting methods. The three categories for changes are accounting principles, estimates, and reporting entity. Change in accounting principles happens when a company changes from one generally accepted accounting principle to another. For instance, Company A uses FIFO inventory cost method but decides to uses LIFO instead. Revision of an estimate because of new information or new experience is called change in accounting estimate.Read MorePrinciples Of Gaap And Ifris1742 Words   |  7 PagesPrinciples of GAAP and IFRIS GAAP- GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) is a collection of commonly-followed accounting rules and standards for financial reporting. Principles regarding GAAP 1. Economic Entity Assumption The accountant keeps all of the business transactions of a sole proprietorship separate from the business owner s personal transactions. For legal purposes, a sole proprietorship and its owner are considered to be one entity, but for accounting purposes they are consideredRead MoreGeneral Accepted Accounting Principals Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles Health care organizations financial statements are the key tools to show the economic stability of an organization and guide leadership in making informed decisions. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is basic assumptions, and principles of accounting to determine the financial position of an organization. These principles offer consistency across health care organizations, and businesses maintaining track of the organizations fiscalRead MoreEthical and Legal Obligations in Accounting1329 Words   |  6 PagesMarshall (2004), accounting is the process of identifying, measuring, and communicating economic information about an organization for the purpose of making decisions and informed judgements (p. 3). Specifically, financial accounting refers to the process that results in the preparation and reporting of financial statements for an entity (Marshall, McManus, Viele, p. 5). While many entities prepare their own financial statements, firms can also contract with a public accounting firm or a Certified

Balance free essay sample

The complexity of life is one of the many features that distinguish the living from the inanimate. Life does not follow a strict written set of rules; personal interpretations do not always coincide even if the interpretations are focused on the same target. The line between right and wrong is an ever-changing measure that adapts itself to the given circumstances that is impossible to fully encapsulate in a formulaic approach. Often, this variability adds value to life; it creates suspense, initiates interest, and embraces diversity. However, there are times that this variability challenges the ability of men to produce positive results. Amidst difficult circumstances when competing interests seem to present equally valid claims, how does one decide where the line between right and wrong falls when there is no formula to substitute in for the variables of the situation? Well, it is amidst these crucial moments that one defines his or her ability to make proper judgments within given constraints. When making important decisions that affect the lives of their constituents, public officials must balance competing claims by evaluating the circumstances from a nonpartisan basis with careful contemplation of both long-term and short-term implications, while maintaining the welfare of their constituents as the guiding principle. Because the posed question leads into the issue of the current energy crisis, it may be appropriate to continue the exploitation of this problem for elucidation of the key messages of this essay. When confronted by a challenging quest such as deciding the future of energy, an issue of utmost importance, public officials must hold it as the guiding principle to always place the welfare of their immediate and prospective constituents first. In doing so, it forces them to evaluate both the long-term and short-term implications of their decisions in order to ensure stability. It also eliminates the unnecessary bias of political affiliation that often impedes progress and encourages factions and separations instead of unions. With this stated, it is also important to acknowledge the practicality of this virtue. Yes, every public official will state that he or she always holds the people at his or her heart, but how many of these individuals actually do? Greed often blinds officials to ma ke decisions for personal gains instead of communal benefits. To truly evaluate the circumstances without political bias, public officials should review nonpartisan publications of the issues in question to prevent political obstruction of the truth of facts. In doing so, at least the officials will have time to judge the facts for themselves without bias or implantation of pre-conceived interpretations that often darken the reality of the issue to pull the officials to one side of the aisle or the other. In the case of the energy crisis, officials must pay close attention to the undisputed facts of the energy shortage, such as the statistics of current energy consumption, the amount of remaining energy available, and the cost of implementation of alternative energy sources without the interpretations of people attempting to interpret the matter from one angle or another to benefit their interest. With a strong grasp of the basic facts of the situation without intrusion of personal bias, the public officials would be more likely to make the most informed and effective decisions in the end. Then, upon carefully reviewing the facts, the public officials must begin hearing the interpretations from all sides of the issue, bearing in the mind the interest of their constituents. Again, regarding the case of energy alternatives, one side may propose a stop to importing oil that makes the US dependent on foreign oil sources and to commence an alternative energy program that would develop the necessary domestic energy sources for the future. On the other hand, some may encourage the officials to continue the development of foreign trade for oil as it continues to strengthen American relationships with foreign countries based on economic mutuality; they may also oppose the initiation of an alternative energy program because such a development is illogical given the current economic downfall; they may argue that it does not make sense to invest in the future when the pre sent itself is insecure. Now, although all sides may sound equally valid, because the public officials now have sound knowledge of the issue based upon a review of the undisputed facts, they can judge the validity of the arguments. Of course, because all sides will only present the aspects of the issue that benefit their cause, the officials will play the role of mediators whose job it is to absorb the truthful portions of all arguments and discard illogical or irrelevant conclusions. Once a set of proper and truthful interpretations has been deduced by the public officials upon listening to the arguments from both sides, then they would be ready to proceed to the next step of drawing proposals that balance those interpretations, again maintaining the interests of the people at their consciousness at all times. To introduce the most effective and robust proposals as resolutions for any problems, public officials must assess both the short-term and long-term benefits for their constituents. Of course, solving an immediate problem that creates more and more future issues is not only irresponsible but is also unethical. Drafting an effective proposal requires the public officials to understand the needs of their people and to predict the implications of their actions. They must ask themselves, â€Å"What would happen in the next 10, 20, and 30 years if I put this plan into motion?† They must also inquire, â€Å"Can I afford not to take this immediate step to alleviate the suffering of my people?† Planting a seed of a more serious problem in the future for the sake of immediate relief is seldom an acceptable response. For instance, although FDR may not have predicted the calamity of his Social Security plan, the immediate relief from the Great Depression that his social policies provided was later abrogated by the current disaster regarding the funding of Social Security. Yes, perhaps the action that FDR took was most appropriate given the dire and time-sensitive situation of the Great Depression. However, there might have been other alternatives that did not risk the future consequences of Social Security. Getting back to the example of the energy future, when a public official is ready to draft a plan, he or she must face the concern of the continued exploitation of petroleum products. Yes, petroleum products are currently much cheaper than most alternative energy sources, and given the economic sensitivity of the time, the cheapest method to obtain energy for the future seems to make the most economic sense. However, looking a little deeper into the issue, continued exploitation of petroleum products means further degradation of the environment that not only harms the US, but the entire world. If humanity is to maintain high living standards, environment al balance must be addressed at some point, either at a time when damage is reversible or at a time when reversibility is near impossibility. If public officials do not evaluate the consequences of their actions for the future and continue to increase the severity of the damage caused by the continued exploitation of petroleum products, then there will come a time when rectification of environmental damages becomes economically disastrous. The current investment in alternative energy sources to decrease dependence on petroleum products may cost a little more at first, but it will save prospective constituents from another disaster. But then another conundrum arises as to the extent of the compromise between petroleum products and alternative energy sources. This concern must be addressed by public officials with consideration of the current economic state of their constituents and, again, the affordability for future rectifications. Only with the consideration of the short-term and long-term benefits of a solution can an official introduce a poly that adequately meets the needs of the people without impeding the development of the future. As the public officials attempt to balance opposing claims on important issues like the future of energy production, they must not forget the most important factor of all, the people. Frequently, officials must seek the input from their constituents to review the current state of concern. Only then can they properly introduce proposals that meet the demands of their people. As constituents are the people whom the proposal will serve, they must be part of the equation that leads public officials to the solutions. Balancing competing claims to derive the best solutions is a difficult task that requires caution, diligence, and patience, and most importantly of all, integrity. Public officials must arrive at these solutions in the best interest of their people in order to introduce the most effective plan that serves the constituents. In the process, the officials must not only consider the immediate relief, but must also evaluate the long-term consequences to prevent the outbreak of more problems. Only in doing so can the most effective and long-lasting plans be drawn.

Theodore Roosevelt Essay Example For Students

Theodore Roosevelt Essay Franklin Delano Roosevelt, (1882-1945), 32nd of the United States. Roosevelt became president in March 1933 at the depth of the Great Depression, was reelected for an unprecedented three more terms, and died in office in April 1945, less than a month before the surrender of Germany in World War II. Despite an attack of poliomyelitis, which paralyzed his legs in 1921, he was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the American people during the strains of economic crisis and world war. He was one of Americas most controversial leaders. Conservatives claimed that he undermined states rights and individual liberty. Though Roosevelt labored hard to end the Depression, he had limited success. It was not until 1939 and 1940, with the onset of heavy defense spending before World War II, that prosperity returned. Roosevelt also displayed limitations in his handling of foreign policy. In the 1930s he was slow to warn against the menace of fascism, and during the war he relied too heavily on his charm and personality in the conduct of diplomacy. We will write a custom essay on Theodore Roosevelt specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Still, Roosevelts historical reputation is deservedly high. In attacking the Great Depression he did much to develop a partial welfare state in the United States and to make the federal government an agent of social and economic reform. His administration indirectly encouraged the rise of organized labor and greatly invigorated the . His foreign policies, while occasionally devious, were shrewd enough to sustain domestic unity and the allied coalition in World War II. Roosevelt was a president of stature. The future president was born on Jan. 30, 1882, at the family estate in Hyde Park, N.Y. His father, James (1828-1900), was descended from Nicholas Roosevelt, whose father had emigrated from Holland to New Amsterdam in the 1640s. One of Nicholas two sons, Johannes, fathered the line that ultimately produced President Theodore Roosevelt. The other son, Jacobus, was James great-great-grandfather. James graduated from Union College (1847) and Harvard Law School, married, had a son, and took over his familys extensive holdings in coal and transportation. Despite substantial losses in speculative ventures, he remained wealthy enough to journey by private railroad car, to live graciously on his Hudson River estate at Hyde Park, and to travel extensively. Four years after his first wife died in 1876, James met and married Sara Delano, a sixth cousin. She, too, was a member of the Hudson River aristocracy. Her father, one of James business associates, had made and lost fortunes in the China trade before settling with his wife and 11 children on the west bank of the Hudson. Sara had sailed to China as a girl, attended school abroad, and moved in high social circles in London and Paris. Though only half her husbands age of 52 at the time of her marriage in 1880, she settled in happily at Hyde Park. Their marriage was serene until broken by James death in 1900. His record at Harvard, which he attended between 1900 and 1904, was only slightly more impressive. Thanks to his excellent preparation at Groton, he was able to complete his course of study for his B.A. in 1903, in only three years. During his fourth year he served as editor of the Crimson, the college newspaper. However, he was not accepted for Porcellian, Harvards most prestigious social club, and he did not receive much stimulation in the classroom. As at Groton, his grades were mediocre, and he showed no excitement about his studies. At this point politics gave him a sense of purpose. The Democratic organization in Dutchess county, the area around Hyde Park, needed a candidate for the New York state Senate in 1910. Party leaders recognized that although Roosevelt had no political experience he had assets as a candidate: the wealth to finance a campaign, and the best-known political name in the United States. Roosevelt worked as never before during the campaign. Acquiring a car, he crisscrossed the county in his quest for support. He showed skill at making himself agreeable to voters and a willingness to listen to the advice of political veterans. As at Groton and Harvard, during his political career he proved open and adaptable. For all these reasons Roosevelt won impressively in the usually Republican district. Roosevelt made an immediate impact in the legislative session of 1911. At that time U. S. senators from New York were elected by the legislature,not by popular vote. The Democrats, with majorities in both houses, prepared to select William F. Sheehan, a transportation and utilities magnate who was the choice of Tammany Hall, New York Citys powerful political machine. A few Democrats balked at the choice. Roosevelt joined them and became their leader. But Roosevelt and his allies took some consolation in having forced the withdrawal of Sheehan and in attracting nationwide attention. It was an auspicious start to a career in politics. As assistant secretary (1913-1920), Franklin Roosevelt reminded many people of TR. He advocated a big Navy, preparedness, a strong presidency, and an active foreign policy. In 1917 he enthusiastically supported war against Germany, and in 1918 he took pleasure in visiting the front in Europe. Sometimes he clashed with Daniels, a progressive with pacifist leanings. But Daniels was tolerant of his subordinate. The secretary appreciated Roosevelts dexterous handling of admirals, departmental employees, and labor unions, which were active in naval yards, and his opposition to the collusive bidding and price-fixing practiced by defense contractors. FDRs years of service as assistant secretary gave him administrative experience and a host of contacts in Washington and the Democratic party. In 1928, Roosevelt vaulted suddenly to national prominence. After helping Smith get the presidential nomination, he set off for Warm Springs, where he looked forward to weeks of therapy. But Smith urgently needed a strong gubernatorial candidate on the Democratic ticket in New York, and he pressured Roosevelt into running. Smith lost the election to Herbert , the Republican presidential candidate, who carried New York by 100,000 votes. Roosevelt, more popular upstate than Smith, successfully bridged the urban-rural gap in the Democratic party and beat his opponent, state Attorney General Albert Ottinger, by 25,000 votes. It was a striking triumph in an otherwise Republican year. During his two terms, Governor Roosevelt battled a Republican legislature for many progressive measures. These included reforestation, state-supported old-age pensions and unemployment insurance, legislation regulating working hours for women and children, and public development of electric power. He named skilled people to important positions, including James Farley, a New York City contractor, as chairman of the state Democratic Committee; Frances Perkins, a social worker, as state industrial commissioner; and Samuel Rosenman, an able young lawyer, as his speech writer and counsel. All became important aides during Roosevelts presidency. In 1931, when the Depression was serious, Roosevelt became the first governor to set up an effective state relief administration. Harry Hopkins, a social worker who later served as his closest adviser in Washington, directed it. In a series of fireside chats Governor Roosevelt also proved a persuasive speaker over the new medium of radio. He was reelected in 1930 by 750,000 votes, the largest margin in state history. By March 4, 1933, when Roosevelt was inaugurated at the age of 51, the economic situation was desperate. Between 13 and 15 million Americans were unemployed. Of these, between 1 and 2 million persons were wandering about the country looking for jobs. Hundreds of thousands squatted in tents or ramshackle dwellings in Hoovervilles, makeshift villages on the outskirts of cities. Panic-stricken people hoping to rescue their deposits had forced 38 states to close their banks. .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f , .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .postImageUrl , .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f , .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f:hover , .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f:visited , .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f:active { border:0!important; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f:active , .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf80d8a6e7e5596686b663ecf4e9086f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis EssayFrom the beginning, Roosevelt tried to restore popular confidence. The only thing we have to fear, he said in his inaugural address, is fear itselfnameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror. He added that he would not stand by and watch the Depression deepen. If necessary, he would ask the Congress for the one remaining instrument to meet the crisisbroad executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe. He then closed the rest of the banksdeclaring a bank holidayand called Congress into special session. His first legislative requests were conservative. He began by securing passage of an emergency banking bill. Instead of nationalizing the banksas a few reformers wishedit offered aid to private bankers. A few days later the president forced through an Economy Act that cut $400 million from government payments to veterans and $100 million from the salaries of federal employees. This deflationary measure hurt purchasing power. FDR concluded his early program by securing legalization of beer of 3.2% alcoholic content by weight. By the end of 1933, ratification of the 21st Amendment to the U. S. had ended prohibition altogether. His relief program was more far-reaching. A series of measures took the nation off the gold standard, thereby offering some assistance to debtors and exporters. He also got Congress to appropriate $500 million in federal relief grants to states and local agencies. Harry Hopkins, who headed the newly created Federal Emergency Relief Administration, quickly spent the money. By early 1935 he had supervised the outlay of $1.5 billion more in direct grants, and in work relief under the Civil Works Administration (CWA) of 1933-1934. In 1933, Congress also approved funding for the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), and the Public Works Administration (PWA). The CCC eventually employed more than 2.5 million young men on valuable conservation work. The HOLC offered desperately needed assistance to mortgagors and homeowners. The PWA, while slow to act, ultimately pumped billions into construction of large-scale projects. Though left-wing critics demanded higher appropriations, most Americans were grateful for these measures. The relief programs of them gave hope to the have-notsblacks and the unemployedand did much to restore confidence in the government. FDR placed his hopes for economic recovery in two agencies created in the productive 100 Days of the 1933 special session of Congress. These were the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). The NRA encouraged management and labor to establish codes of fair competition within each industry. These codes outlined acceptable pricing and production policies and guaranteed labor the rights of collective bargaining, minimum wages, and maximum hours. The AAA focused on raising farm prices, a goal to be achieved through the setting of production quotas approved by farmers in referenda. Once the quotas limiting production were established, farmers who cooperated would receive subsidies. After a promising start the NRA lost its effectiveness. Union spokesmen grumbled that the courts undercut the labor guarantees. Progressives complained that the NRA exempted monopolies from antitrust prosecution. Small businessmen protested that the codes favored large corporations. Some employers were slow to sign the codes, and others evaded them. If the PWA and other spending agencies had moved more quickly to promote purchasing power, these liabilities might not have been serious. As it was, the PWA was slow to spend its funds, hard times persisted, and evasion spread. Well before the Supreme Court declared the agency unconstitutional in May 1935, the NRA had failed in its aims of sponsoring government-business cooperation and promoting recovery. The AAA was a little more successful. Agricultural income increased by 50% in Roosevelts first term. Some of this increase, however, was attributable to terrible droughts. These, ruining thousands of farmers in the Great Plains, caused cuts in supply and contributed to higher prices for crops produced elsewhere. AAA acreage quotas also led some landlords to evict tenants from their lands. Moreover, as the AAA improved farm prices, it forced consumers, millions of whom lacked adequate food and decent clothing, to pay more for the necessities of life. Roosevelt, it seemed, was fighting scarcity with more scarcity. These early measures displayed Roosevelts strengths and weaknesses as an economic thinker. On the one hand, he showed that he was flexible, that he would act, and that he would use all his executive powers to secure congressional cooperation. Frequent press conferences, speeches, and fireside chatsand the extraordinary charisma that he displayed on all occasionsinstilled a measure of confidence in the people and halted the terrifying slide of 1932 and 1933. These were important achievements that brought him and his party the gratitude of millions of Americans. FDR also refrained from large-scale deficit spending or from tax policies that would have redistributed income. Purchasing power, essential to rapid recovery, therefore failed to increase substantially. Roosevelt, a practical political leader and a moderate in economics, helped preserve capitalism without significantly correcting its abuses or ending the Depression. In 1935, Roosevelt turned slightly to the left. He sponsored bills aimed at abolishing public-utility holding companies, at raising taxes on the wealthy, and at shifting control of monetary policy from Wall Street bankers to Washington. When Congress balked, Roosevelt compromised. The bills revealed Roosevelts loss of faith in government-business cooperation. They helped undercut demagogues like Sen. Huey Long (D-La.), who was agitating for tougher laws against the rich. But they did not signify a commitment to radical, antibusiness policies. While these struggles were taking place, Roosevelt worked successfully for three significant acts passed in 1935. One, a relief appropriation, led to creation of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). The WPA disbursed some $11 billion in work relief to as many as 3.2 million Americans a month between 1935 and 1942. The second measure, the Wagner Act, set up the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), which effectively guaranteed labor the right to bargain collectively on equal terms with management. In part because of the Wagner Act, in part because of overdue militance by spokesmen for industrial unionism, the labor movement swelled in the 1930s and 1940s. The third reform was social security. The law provided for federal payment of old-age pensions and for federal-state cooperation in support of unemployment compensation and relief of the needy blind, of the disabled, and of dependent children. The act, though faulty in many ways, became the foundation of a partial welfare state with which later administrations dared not tamper. Controversy disrupted the presidents second term. His troubles began in February 1937, when he called for a court reform plan that would have permitted him to add up to six judges to the probusiness U.S. Supreme Court. The courts conservative majority had angered FDR by declaring some New Deal legislation, including the NRA and AAA, unconstitutional. Congress, reflecting widespread reverence for the court, refused to do his bidding. At the time, militant workers staged sit-down strikes in factories. Though Roosevelt opposed the sit-downs, conservatives were quick to blame him for the growing activism of organized labor. In the fall of 1937 a sharp recession, caused in large part by cuts in federal spending earlier in the year, staggered the country. Taken aback, Roosevelt waited until the spring of 1938 before calling for increased federal spending to recharge purchasing power. His procrastination revealed again his reluctance to resort to deficit spending. .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 , .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .postImageUrl , .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 , .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9:hover , .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9:visited , .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9:active { border:0!important; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9:active , .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9 .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e2d51a312b25f85eda0f7a9601386e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Christopher Columbus EssayThese developments in 1937 and 1938 severely damaged his standing in Congress, which had grown restive under his strong leadership as early as 1935. In FDRs second term, therefore, the lawmakers proved cooperative only long enough to approve measures calling for public housing, fair labor standards, and aid to tenant farmers. None of these acts, however, was generously funded or far-reaching. Meanwhile, Congress cut back presidential requests for relief spending and public works. After Republican gains in the 1938 elections, a predominantly rural conservative coalition in Congress proved still more hostile. Henceforth it rejected most of the urban and welfare measures of Roosevelts administrations. Cordell Hull of Tennessee served as secretary of state from 1933 to 1944, but Roosevelts desire to engage in personal diplomacy left Hull in a reduced role. In 1933 the presidents bombshell message to the London Economic Conference, saying that the United States would not participate in international currency stabilization, ended any immediate hope of achieving that objective. In the same year he extended diplomatic recognition to the USSR, still a relative outcast in world diplomacy. Roosevelt and Hull worked smoothly in behalf of reciprocal trade agreements and in making the United States the good neighbor of the Latin American. By the mid-1930s dictatorial regimes in Germany, Japan, and Italy were casting their shadows across the blank pages of the future. In 1936, in his speech accepting renomination as president, Roosevelt had said, This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny. By 1938, Roosevelt was spending in creasing amounts of time on international affairs. Until then he had acquiesced in congressional neutrality acts designed to keep the United States out of another world war. Roosevelt did not share the isolationist sentiments that lay behind such legislation. But he hoped very much to avoid war, and he dared not risk his domestic program by challenging Congress over foreign policy. For these reasons he was slow to warn the people about the dangers of German fascism. Germanys aggressiveness in 1939 forced Roosevelt to take a tougher stance. Early in the year he tried unsuccessfully to secure revision of a neutrality act calling for an embargo on armaments to all belligerents, whether attacked or attacker. When Hitler overran Poland in September and triggered the formal beginning of World War II, Roosevelt tried again for repeal of the embargo, and succeeded. In 1940 he negotiated an unneutral deal with Britain whereby the British leased their bases in the Western Hemisphere to the United States in return for 50 overaged American destroyers. Roosevelt also secured vastly increased defense expenditures, which brought about domestic economic recovery at last. But he still hoped to keep out of the war and to appease the anti-interventionists in Congress. Thus he remained cautious. To protect the supplies against German submarines, U.S. destroyers began escorting convoys of Allied ships part way across the Atlantic. In the process the destroyers helped pinpoint the location of submarines, which Allied warships duly attacked. Roosevelt did not tell the people about Americas unneutral actions on the high seas. When a German submarine fired a torpedo at the American destroyer Greer in September 1941, he feigned surprise and outrage and ordered U. S. warships to shoot on sight at hostile German ships. By December the United States and Germany were engaged in an undeclared war on the Atlantic. Most historians agree that Hitler was a menace to Western civilization, that American intervention was necessary to stop him, and that domestic isolationism hampered the presidents freedom of response. But they regret that Roosevelt, in seeking his ends, chose to deceive the people and to abuse his powers. Historians also debate Roosevelts policies toward Japan, whose leaders were bent on expansion in the 1930s. Hoping to contain this expansion, the president gradually tightened an embargo of vital goods to Japan. He also demanded that Japan halt its aggressive activities in China and Indochina. Instead of backing down, the militarists who controlled Japan decided to fight, by attacking Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941, and by assaulting the East Indies. These moves left no doubt about Japans aggressive intentions. In asking for a declaration of war, the president called December 7 a date which will live in infamy. He brought a united America into World War II. By December 11, the United States was at war with Germany and Italy. Some historians argue, however, that Roosevelt should not have been so unbudging regarding the integrity of China and Indochina, which lay outside Americas national interestor power to protect. If Roosevelt had adopted a more flexible policy toward Japan, he might have postponed a conflict in Asia at a time when war with Hitler was about to erupt. Roosevelts military policies also provoked controversy. In 1941 critics blamed him for leaving Pearl Harbor unprepared. Extremists even claimed that he invited the Japanese attack in order to have a pretext for war. In 1942 liberals complained when he cooperated with Jean Darlan, the Vichy French admiral who until then had been collaborating with the Axis, in planning the Allied invasion of North Africa. In 1943, FDRs opponents grumbled that his policy of unconditional surrender for the enemy discouraged the anti-Hitler resistance within Germany. Other critics complained that he relied too heavily on strategic bombing. His own generals were angry because he postponed the second front against Hitler until June 1944. Such delay, critics added later, infuriated the Soviet Union, which had to carry the brunt of the fighting against Hitler between 1941 and 1944, and sowed the seeds of the Cold War. Some of these criticisms were partly justified. Poor communications between Washington and Hawaii helped the Japanese achieve surprise at Pearl Harbor. Dealing with Darlan was probably not necessary to ensure success in North Africa. Strategic bombing killed millions of civilians and was not nearly so effective as its advocates claimed. The delay in the second front greatly intensified Soviet suspicions of the West. But it is easy to second-guess and to exaggerate Roosevelts failings as a military leader. The president neither invited nor welcomed the Pearl Harbor attack, which was a brilliantly planned maneuver by Japan. He worked with Darlan in the hope of preventing unnecessary loss of Allied lives. Unconditional surrender, given American anger at the enemy, was a politically logical policy. It also proved reassuring to the Soviet Union, which had feared a separate German-American peace. Establishing the second front required control of the air and large supplies of landing craft, and these were not assured until 1944. In many of these decisions Roosevelt acted in characteristically pragmatic fashionto win the war as effectively as possible and to keep the wartime alliance together. In these aims he was successful. By 1945, Roosevelt was 63 years old. The events early in that year added to the strains on his heart, and on April 12, 1945, he died suddenly at Warm Springs, Ga. Three days later he was buried at Hyde Park. Despite his limitations, he had been a strong, decent, and highly popular president for more than 12 years. Category: Biographies

The Trials and Triumphs of Robert E. Hayden

The Trials and Triumphs of Robert E. Hayden The poem that I chose was Those Winter Sundays written by Robert Earl Hayden. This poem is about a man who reflects back on his troubled childhood. As an adult, Robert can see that the bad things he endured as a child were not entirely his father?s fault. He realized the positive things that his dad did for him and regrets not saying Thank-you. There are many influences in which could have played a part in Those Winter Sundays. Some of the influences were differential treatment between siblings, verbal and physical abuse, and the lack of physical affection from his parents.Robert Hayden was born as Asa Bundy Sheffey on August 4, 1913 in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were Asa and Gladys Sheffey. Asa and Gladys were experiencing marital problems; they separated before the birth of their son. Gladys Sheffey felt confused; she wanted to be involved in her son?s life but could not manage it alone.English: Ann Arbor as seen from the University of ...She decided to give her son up for adop tion. A couple named William and Sue Ellen Hayden took young Asa in. The couple then had Asa?s birth name changed to Robert Earl Hayden.American poet, Robert Earl Hayden, had a reputation for finely crafted and powerfully meditative poems. He was raised in a poor neighborhood in Detroit. He was shuttled between the homes of his mother and that of his foster family, who lived next door for most of his childhood. Robert was unable to participate in sports, because of impaired vision. Robert spent most of his time inside where he would do nothing but read. In 1932, Robert graduated from high school and, with the help of a scholarship, attended Detroit City College (now known as Wayne State University).Robert Hayden published his first book of poems, Heart Shape in the Dust,